3.4. High-Frequency TL Effects
Dispersion
When vp is not constant but displays frequency dependence, the various frequency components contained in the spectrum of the signal will travel at different velocities, thus arriving at different times at the end of the TL. This results in a change in the relative phase among the signal’s various frequency components, which, when added produce a distorted signal.
Skin Effect
At high frequencies the current in a conductor crowds near the surface of the conductor and decreases rapidly towards its center. This manifests as an increased resistance since the effective cross-sectional area for current flow is reduced.
TL in ICs: Slow Wave
